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| Pump Selection Guide |
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Harvard Apparatus offers a broad selection of syringe, peristaltic and continuous flow pumps to suit almost
every application.
Syringe pump models have been expanded to include new innovative pumps with the widest range of flow rates and forces of any manufacturer. The following guide and tables were designed to answer most questions regarding syringe and peristaltic pumps. Please review the information then contact our technical support department for further assistance, if needed.
Harvard Apparatus has a long history of inventing, innovating and manufacturing syringe pumps. Harvard Apparatus invented the lead screw based syringe pump in the 1950’s and introduced the first microprocessor pump, the now legendary Pump 22, in the 1980’s. Our syringe pumps are so accurate, even at low flow rates, that they have become the standard for mass spectrometry calibration and anywhere accurate volumes must be delivered.
The innovations continued with the additions of the PHD 22/2000 Pumps with enormous pressure and flow capability; the 11 Plus Pumps, the standard for general laboratory experiments; the Pump 11 Pico Plus Pump for picoliter and small volume injections; an entire selection of peristaltic pumps; an expanded line of component pumping modules for the OEM and do-it-yourself markets, and much, much more.
Our newest pumps, The New PHD Ultra™ Pumps have a GUI Touchscreen and advanced programming capabilities for creating simple to complex methods. These user friendly pumps produce extremely smooth and accurate flows at a wide flow rate range.
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Choosing the Right Pump
for Your Application & Budget
| TOP | |
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| Pump Types: Advantages & Disadvantages |
| Syringe Pumps |
 |
 |
(PHD ULTRA™ Programmable and
Pump 11 Pico Plus shown)
Syringe pumps provide the most accurate
delivery of fluids. They use a syringe for the
fluid reservoir. The syringe pump motor moves the pusher block forward which depresses the syringe plunger causing the dispensing of fluid. |
|
|
| A motor driven (lead screw) slowly turns, moving the plunger of the syringe in, and pushing the fluid out (infuse). Reversing the direction of the motor moves the plunger back allowing you to fill the syringe (withdraw). |
wAdvantages
- Works at pressures up to 3000 psi
- Highest precision < 0.1%
- Pulse free flow
- Accurately dispense very small to
large volumes < ±.35%
- Easily sterilizable
- Can dispense or withdraw
- Many easily programmable
dispensing profiles: gradients
- 1 to 10 channels of operation
wDisadvantages
- Pumps finite volumes
- Slightly more expensive
wTypical Applications
- Pumping sample/calibrant into
Mass Spectrometer
- Accurate dispensing of drugs in animals
- High pressure flow into
reaction chamber
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|
| Peristaltic Pumps |
 |
 |
(MPII Mini-Peristaltic and
66/77 Peristaltic Pumps Shown)
Peristaltic pumps dispense fluid using a rotating head mechanism. The rotating head has a number of rollers that depress the tubing driving the fluid forward. These pumps have an external reservoir and therefore can accommodate a much larger volume of fluid. |
|
|
| In this example three rollers on rotating arms pinch the tube against an arc and push the fluid along. There are usually three or four sets of rollers. |
wAdvantages
- Pumps continuous volumes
- Sterilizable
- Less expensive for multiple
channel dispensing
- 1 to 16 channels of operation
- Can dispense or withdraw
wDisadvantages
- Low pressure operation, 30 psi or less
- Pulsing flow
- Moderate precision 1 to 3%
wTypical Applications
- Perfusion flow across tissue or cells
- Pump in and out with balanced flow
- Transfer bulk liquids e.g., controlled
animal feeding
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| Syringe Pump Selection Guide |
| |
Syringe Pump Questions
1. What is your application?
2. Does the pump need to withdraw (fill the syringe) as well as infuse (dispense)?
3. What is the total volume to be delivered?
4. What size syringe(s) will be used?
5. What flow rate(s) are you working with?
6. How many syringes will be used simultaneously?
7. What is the viscosity of the liquid you are pumping?
7. See Pump Reference.
8. What are the pressure requirements of your experiment?
8. See Syringe Pump Pressure and Flow Rate.
9. Does the pump need to continuously infuse over a
2. 24 hour period of time?
10. Does the pump need to be programmable?
10. (Create and run up to 50 methods).
11. Does the pump need to be controlled with a computer?
12. Does the pump need to have TTL capabilities
12. (ex. external control of valves, use of footswitch, etc)? |
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| |
| Features & Specifications |
| WInfusion Only Syringe Pumps |
| WPump Model |
Pump 11 Plus |
Pump 11 Plus |
Pump 22 |
Physio 22 |
PHD ULTRA™ |
PHD 22/2000 |
WStandard
WOrder # |
70-2208 |
70-2209 |
55-2222 |
70-2222 |
70-3005 |
70-2000 |
WProgrammable
WOrder # |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
| Number of Syringes |
1 |
2 |
2 to 10* |
2 to 10* |
2 to 10* |
2 to 10* |
Minimum
Syringe Size |
0.5 µl |
0.5 µl |
0.5 µl |
0.5 µl |
0.5 µl |
0.5 µl |
Maximum
Syringe Size |
50/60 ml |
10 ml |
140 ml |
140 ml |
140 ml |
140 ml |
| Minimum Flow Rate |
0.0014 µl/hr |
0.0014 µl/hr |
0.002 µl/hr |
0.002 µl/hr |
1.56 pl/min |
0.0001 µl/hr |
| Maximum Flow Rate |
26.56 ml/min |
7.91 ml/min |
55.1 ml/min |
55.1 ml/min |
220.97 ml/min |
220.82 ml/min |
Average
Linear
Force (lbs) |
16 |
16 |
47 |
47 |
75 (Adjustable) |
50 or 66** |
RS-232
Computer Control |
No |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
USB
Computer Control |
No |
No |
No |
No |
Yes |
No |
| TTL Connection |
No |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Control Box
Dimensions
(H x W x D) |
13 x 22.9 x 11.4 cm
(5 x 9 x 4.5 in) |
13 x 22.9 x 11.4 cm
(5 x 9 x 4.5 in) |
28 x 22.2 x 14 cm
(11 x 8.75 x 5.5 in) |
28 x 22.2 x 14 cm
(11 x 8.75 x 5.5 in) |
18.4 x 21.6 x 30.5 cm
(7.25 x 8.5 x 12 in) |
15.9 x 22.8 x 27.9 cm
(6.3 x 9 x 11 in) |
Pump Head Dimensions
(H x W x D) |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
| Weight |
2.1 kg (4.6 lbs) |
2.1 kg (4.6 lbs) |
4.5 kg (10 lbs) |
4.5 kg (10 lbs) |
4.5 kg (10 lbs) |
4.5 kg (10 lbs) |
* Depends upon the Syringe Rack
** Available in Standard Force= 50 lbs or High Force= 66 lbs. |
|
| |
| WInfusion/Withdrawal Syringe Pumps |
| WPump Model |
Pump 11 Plus |
Pump 11 Plus |
Pico Plus |
Nanomite |
Pump 22 |
Pump 33 |
PHD ULTRA™ |
WStandard
WOrder # |
70-2211 |
70-2212 |
70-2213 |
70-2217 |
55-2226 |
55-3333 |
70-3006 |
WProgrammable
WOrder # |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
70-3007 |
Number of
Syringes |
1 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
2 to 10* |
2 |
2 to 10* |
Minimum
Syringe Size |
0.5 µl |
0.5 µl |
0.5 µl |
0.5 µl |
0.5 µl |
0.5 µl |
0.5 µl |
Maximum
Syringe Size |
50/60 ml |
10 ml |
10 ml |
1 ml |
140 ml |
140 ml |
140 ml |
| Minimum Flow Rate |
0.0014 µl/hr |
0.0014 µl/hr |
1.3 pl/min |
3.3 nl/min |
0.002 µl/hr |
0.0004 µl/hr |
1.56 pl/min |
| Maximum Flow Rate |
26.56 ml/min |
7.91 ml/min |
0.4394 ml/min
|
1901 µl/min |
55.1 ml/min |
106.6 ml/min
|
220.97 ml/min |
Average Linear
Force (lbs) |
16 |
16 |
25 |
12 |
47 |
57 |
75 (Adjustable) |
RS-232
Computer Control |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
USB
Computer Control |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
Yes |
| TTL Connection |
No |
No |
Footswitch |
Footswitch |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Control Box
Dimensions
(H x W x D) |
13 x 22.9 x 11.4 cm
(5 x 9 x 4.5 in) |
13 x 22.9 x 11.4 cm
(5 x 9 x 4.5 in) |
11.4 x 22.9 x 11.4 cm
(4.5 x 9 x 4.5 in) |
8.9 x 22.9 x 11.4 cm
(3.5 x 9 x 4.5 in) |
28 x 22.2 x 14 cm
(11 x 8.75 x 5.5 in) |
15.2 x 31.1 x 28.6 cm
(6 x 12.5 x 11.25 in) |
18.4 x 21.6 x 30.5 cm
(7.25 x 8.5 x 12.0 in) |
Pump Head
Dimensions
(H x W x D) |
– |
– |
– |
1 x 18.5 x 5 cm
(2.5 x 7.25 x 2 in)
|
– |
– |
|
| Weight |
2.1 kg (4.6 lbs) |
2.1 kg (4.6 lbs) |
2.3 kg (5 lbs) |
2.06 kg (4.6 lbs) |
4.5 kg (10 lbs) |
6.8 kg (15 lbs) |
4.5 kg (10 lbs) |
* Depends upon the Syringe Rack
** Available in Standard Force= 50 lbs or High Force= 66 lbs. |
| |
| WInfusion/Withdrawal Syringe Pumps (continued) |
| WPump Model |
PHD
22/2000 |
MRI PHD
22/2000 |
PHD
22/2000 Hpsi |
PHD
ULTRA™ Hpsi |
PHD
4400 Hpsi |
PHD ULTRA™
4400 Hpsi |
WStandard
WOrder # |
70-2001 |
70-2130 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
WProgrammable
WOrder # |
70-2002 |
70-2131 |
70-2023 |
70-3111 |
70-2200 |
70-3010 |
| Number of Syringes |
2 to 10* |
2 |
4 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
Minimum
Syringe Size |
0.5 µl |
0.5 µl |
20 ml |
20 ml |
2.5 ml |
0.5 µl |
Maximum
Syringe Size |
140 ml |
140 ml |
200 ml |
200 ml |
100 ml |
140 ml |
| Minimum Flow Rate |
0.0001 µl/hr |
0.0001 µl/hr |
1.5 µl/hr |
1.5 µl/hr |
0.0076 µl/min |
0.0004 µl/hr |
| Maximum Flow Rate |
220.82 ml/min |
220.82 ml/min |
112 ml/min |
112µl/min |
182.40 ml/min |
106.6 ml/min |
Average Linear
Force (lbs) |
50 or 66** |
50 |
433 |
433 |
200 |
200 |
RS-232
Computer Control |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
USB
Computer Control |
No |
No |
No |
Yes |
No |
Yes |
| TTL Connection |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Control Box Dimensions
(H x W x D) |
15.9 x 22.8 x 27.9 cm
(6.3 x 9 x 11 in) |
9.5 x 27.9 x 22.9 cm
(3.75 x 11 x 9 in) |
9.5 x 27.9 x 22.9 cm (3.75 x 11 x 9 in) |
9.5 x 27.9 x 22.9 cm (3.75 x 11 x 9 in) |
– |
– |
Pump Head Dimensions
(H x W x D) |
– |
22.9 x 43.2 x 30.5 cm
(9 x 17 x 12 in) |
22.9 x 43.2 x 30.5 cm
(9 x 17 x 12 in) |
22.9 x 43.2 x 30.5 cm
(9 x 17 x 12 in) |
– |
– |
| Weight |
4.5 kg (10 lbs) |
13.6 kg (30 lbs) |
18.18 kg (40 lbs) |
18.18 kg (40 lbs) |
6.4 kg (14 lbs) |
6.4 kg (14 lbs) |
|
* Depends upon the Syringe Rack
** Available in Standard Force= 50 lbs or High Force= 66 lbs. |
| |
| WPush/Pull Syringe Pumps |
| WPump Model |
PHD 22/2000 |
PHD ULTRA™ |
WStandard
WOrder # |
70-2020 or 71-2020 |
70-3008 |
WProgrammable
WOrder # |
70-2019 or 71-2019 |
70-3009 |
Programmable
Pump Model |
Available |
Available |
| Number of Syringes |
4 (2 on each side
of pusher block) |
4 (2 on each side
of pusher block) |
| Minimum Syringe Size |
0.5 µl |
0.5 µl |
| Maximum Syringe Size |
140 ml+ |
140 ml+ |
| Minimum Flow Rate |
0.0001µl/hr |
1.56 pl/hr |
| Maximum Flow Rate |
70.518 ml/min |
220.97 ml/min |
Average Linear
Force (lbs) |
50 or 60** |
75 (Adjustable) |
| RS-232 Computer Control |
Yes |
Yes |
| USB Computer Control |
No |
Yes |
| TTL Connection |
Yes |
Yes |
Control Box Dimensions
(H x W x D) |
15.9 x 22.8 x 27.9 cm
(6.3 x 9 x 11 in) |
18.4 x 21.6 x 30.5 cm
(7.25 x 8.5 x 12.0 in) |
Pump Head Dimensions
(H x W x D) |
– |
– |
| Weight |
4.5 kg (10 lbs) |
4.5 kg (10 lbs) |
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| Syringe Pump Application Guide |
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| Accurate Delivery of Coatings |
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• |
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• |
• |
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| Animal Feeding |
• |
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• |
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• |
• |
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| Biomedical Dispensers |
• |
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• |
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| Bulk Fluid Transfer |
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• |
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• |
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| Cell Cultures |
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• |
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• |
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| Cellular Injection |
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• |
• |
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• |
• |
• |
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| Continuous Infusions |
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• |
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• |
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| Doping |
• |
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• |
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• |
• |
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Drug Delivery (same infusion rates) |
• |
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• |
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• |
• |
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Drug Delivery
(different infusion rates) |
•
(RS232)* |
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• |
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• |
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• |
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•
(RS232)* |
•
(USB)* |
|
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| Drug Delivery (time released) |
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• |
• |
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• |
• |
| Drug Development |
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• |
• |
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| Electrospinning |
• |
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• |
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• |
• |
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| Fluid Blending |
•
(RS232)* |
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• |
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• |
•
(RS232)* |
• |
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• |
• |
Fluid Blending
(2 independent channels) |
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• |
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• |
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| Fluid Sampling |
• |
• |
• |
• |
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• |
• |
• |
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| Gradients |
•
(RS232)* |
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•
(RS232)* |
|
•
(RS232)*
or USB** |
•
(RS232)* |
• |
|
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| High Pressure Injection |
|
• |
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• |
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• |
• |
• |
• |
| Highly Corrosive Fluids |
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• |
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• |
• |
• |
• |
| HPLC |
• |
• |
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• |
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• |
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• |
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Injecting Into High
Pressure Reaction Vessels |
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• |
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• |
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• |
• |
• |
• |
| Injection Pressure Calculations |
• |
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• |
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• |
• |
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| Instrument Injections |
• |
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• |
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• |
• |
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| Low Pressure Chromatography |
• |
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• |
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• |
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| Mass Spectometry |
• |
• |
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• |
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• |
• |
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| Medical Coating Delivery |
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• |
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| Microdialysis |
• |
• |
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• |
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• |
• |
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| MRI Studies |
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• |
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• |
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Multiple Simultaneous
Feeding Stations |
•
(RS232)*
or USB** |
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• |
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•
(RS232)* |
•
(RS232)* |
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| Nano Fluidics |
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• |
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• |
• |
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| Nutritional Studies |
• |
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• |
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• |
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• |
• |
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| OEM Modules |
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| Oocyte Applications |
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• |
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• |
• |
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| Patch Clamping |
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• |
• |
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Remote Pumping
of Hazardous Material |
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• |
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• |
• |
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• |
• |
• |
• |
| Stereotaxic Devices |
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• |
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• |
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| Titrations |
•
(RS232)* |
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•
(RS232)* |
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• |
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• |
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| Viscous Solutions |
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• |
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• |
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• |
• |
• |
• |
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| * Can be done using RS232 or USB computer control. |
| Peristaltic Pump Selection Guide |
| |
- Broad selection of pumps for every application
- Wide range of flow rates ml/hr to L/min
- Multiple multi-channel models with up to 32 channels
- Peristaltic and non-peristaltic pumps
- Continuous delivery and batch mode dispensing
Harvard Apparatus now offers an extensive selection of peristaltic and other continuous flow pumps to suit the needs of a wide range of research applications. Pumps which offer features such as multi-channel pumping, computer control, analog control, low electrical noise and a wide range of fluid flow rates are now available. Pump styles include traditional roller type peristaltic pumps, our exclusive double linear sinusoidal peristaltic pump, shuttle pumps which utilize check valves, and diaphragm pumps. The following table was designed to answer most questions regarding our continuous flow pumps. Please contact our technical support department for further assistance.
Peristaltic and Continuous Flow Pumps
Traditional peristaltic pumps utilize a series of rollers (1 to 8) to push fluid through tubing held within a pump head. Peristaltic flow is typically pulsatile, but can be made smoother with the use of more rollers in the pumping head. Our Mini-Peristaltic Pump (MPII) features two speed ranges,reversability and dual channel pumping at a very reasonable price. Many pumps offer external control either through the input of an analog signal proportional to the speed or by RS-232 (serial) communication.
Peristaltic Pump Questions
1. How many channels (tubes) will be used simultaneously?
2. What size tubing will be used (inner diameter)?
3. What flow rate(s) will be used?
4. What is the total volume to be delivered?
5. Do you need continuous flow?
6. Does the pump need to be battery operated?
7. Do you need to control the pump with a computer?
8. Do you need analog control?
9. Does the pump need to have TTL capabilities
> (external control of valves, use of footswitch etc)? |
|
| |
| WPeristaltic Pump Selection Guide |
| WPump Model |
MPII |
Pump 66 |
Pump 77 |
Model 720 |
Model 720 |
Model 720 |
Shuttle Pump |
| WOrder # |
70-2027 |
55-7766 |
55-7777 |
72-0002 |
61-0098 |
72-0001 |
61-0128,
72-0011 |
| Number of Channels |
1 to 2 |
1 |
1 |
1 to 2 |
1 to 2 |
1 to 2 |
2 |
| Number of Rollers |
4 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
1 |
Tube Size
(Inner Diameter) |
1.6 mm (1/16 in) |
1.6 mm and 3.2 mm
(1/16 in and 1/8 in)
|
3.2 mm and 6.4 mm
(1/8 in and 1/4 in)
|
0.38 mm to 2.4 mm
(0.015 in to 0.093 in)
|
0.38 mm to 2.4 mm
(0.015 in to 0.093 in) |
0.38 mm to 2.4 mm
(0.015 in to 0.093 in) |
– |
| Flow Rate (ml/min/Per Channel) |
| MMinimum |
0.8 |
0.01 |
0.01 |
0.02 |
0.2 |
2 |
1.25 |
| MMaximum |
12.25 |
210 |
750 |
12 |
145 |
1100 |
25 |
RS-232
Computer Control |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
No |
No |
| TTL Control |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
No |
No |
| Analog Control |
No |
No |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
| Power |
115/230 VAC
50/60 Hz |
115/230 VAC
50/60 Hz |
115/230 VAC
50/60 Hz |
120 VAC, 50 Hz
230 VAC, 60 Hz |
120 VAC, 50 Hz
230 VAC, 60 Hz |
120 VAC, 50 Hz
230 VAC, 60 Hz |
120 VAC, 50 Hz
230 VAC, 60 Hz |
| Battery Backup |
No |
No |
No |
9V Lithium Battery
up to 30 hours |
9V Lithium Battery
up to to 30 hours |
No |
9V Lithium Battery
up to 50 hours |
Dimensions
(H x W x D) |
189 x 114 x 105 cm
(3.5 x 4.5 x 4 in)
|
22.9 x 20.6 x 8.9 cm
(9 x 8.125 x 3.5 in)
|
24.1 x 20.6 x 12.7 cm
(9.5 x 8.125 x 5 in) |
6.4 x 5.7 x 10.2 cm
(2.5 x 2.25 x 4 in)
|
6.4 x 5.7 x 10.2 cm
(2.5 x 2.25 x 4 in) |
6.4 x 5.7 x 10.2 cm
(2.5 x 2.25 x 4 in) |
3.3 x 11.4 x 7.2 cm
(1.3 x 4.5 x 2.8 in) |
| Weight |
0.96 kg (2.1 lbs) |
3.53 kg (7.85 lbs) |
5.1 kg (11.25 lbs) |
375 g |
375 g |
375 g |
– |
|
| |
| WPeristaltic Pump Selection Guide (continued) |
| WPump Model |
Ecoline
(VC Series) |
REGLO Digital |
REGLO Analog |
Microprocessor
Controlled |
Ecoline
(VC-MS Series) |
| WOrder # |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
| Number of Channels |
1 |
2 or 4 |
2 or 4 |
4, 8, 12, 16 or 24 |
4 or 8 |
| Number of Rollers |
2 or 3 |
6, 8 or 12 |
6, 8 or 12 |
8 |
6 or 12 |
Tube Size
(Inner Diameter) |
Various |
Various |
Various |
Various |
Various |
| Flow Rate (ml/min/Per Channel) |
| MMinimum |
Depends Upon Model |
Depends Upon Model |
Depends Upon Model |
Depends Upon Model |
Depends Upon Model |
| MMaximum |
Depends Upon Model |
Depends Upon Model |
Depends Upon Model |
Depends Upon Model |
Depends Upon Model |
RS-232
Computer Control |
No |
Yes |
No |
Yes* |
No |
| TTL Control |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes* |
No |
| Analog Control |
Yes |
No |
Yes |
Yes* |
Yes |
| Power |
115/230 VAC
50/60 Hz |
115/230 VAC
50/60 Hz |
115/230 VAC
50/60 Hz |
115/230 VAC
50/60 Hz |
115/230 VAC
50/60 Hz |
| Battery Backup |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
Dimensions
(H x W x D) |
13.8 x 16.9 x 25.6 cm
(5.4 x 6.7 x 10.1 in) |
13.5 x 10.0 x 19.0 cm
(5.3 x 3.9 x 7.5 in)
Dimension for
4-channel pump |
14.3 x 10.0 x 19.0 cm
(5.6 x 3.9 x 7.6 in)
Dimension for
4-channel pump |
– |
13.8 x 16.9 x 31.3 cm
(5.4 x 6.7 x 12.3 in)
Dimension for
8-channel pump |
| Weight |
5.3 kg (11.7 lbs) |
2.1 kg (4.6 lbs) |
2.1 kg (4.6 lbs) |
– |
5.5 kg (12.1 lbs) |
| * IP Without Dispensing has Analog interface Only |
|
| |
|
How to Calculate the Pressure Requirement
of Your Experiment
| TOP | |
The following chart will help you determine the pressure requirement of your experiment. This is important in selecting the correct pump with the proper psi capability for your application. Choose the selections that are the closest to your experimental conditions or write in your actual values. Once you have filled in the chart call us for technical assistance if needed.
- Nature of the sample you are flowing into (Application)
- The flow rate of the material
- The surface area of the syringe and the linear force capability
on screen.
Capability of the pump
- The tubing diameter
- The tubing length
- Viscosity of the material being pumped
- The temperature of the material being pumped
|
|
| |
 |
| |
|
Syringe Pump Pressure & Flow Rate
| TOP | |
| How to Calculate the Pressure of Various Syringe Sizes |
| |
The pressure that a syringe pump can generate is a function of both the force of the pump (measured at the pusher block in pounds) as well as the physical characteristics of the syringe and setup used. The following table compares various syringe pumps and the pressures in PSI (pounds per square inch). Each data point was calculated by dividing the average pump force by the surface area (in square inches) of syringes with diameters from 0.1 to 50 mm. Diameters and surface areas for a variety of syringes can be found in the table on page 13. This table is intended to be a guide of total pressures generated. Actual values may be higher or lower than the listed pressures due to the influence of other factors such as tubing diameter and length. When using more than one syringe sharing the same pusher block, the pressure is calculated by dividing the force (lbs) by the total surface area (square inches) of all syringes on the pump. For example, nominal pressure obtained using two 25 ml Hamilton Gastight® syringes on a PHD 22/2000 standard pressure syringe pump would be: 50 lbs / (0.644 in2 X 2) = 38.81 PSI (2.68 bars). |
|
| |
| WPump Average PressureA (PSI)B |
| Syringe Size |
Syringe Diameter (mm) |
Pump 11 Plus |
Pump 11 Pico Plus |
Pump 22 |
Pump 33 |
PHD 22/2000 |
PHD 22/2000 Hpsi |
PHD ULTRA™ |
PHD 4400 Hpsi |
| 0.5 µl |
0.1 |
>1000 |
>1000 |
>1000 |
>1000 |
>1000 |
– |
>1000 |
>1000 |
| 10 µl |
0.5 |
>1000 |
>1000 |
>1000 |
>1000 |
>1000 |
– |
>1000 |
>1000 |
| 50 µl |
1 |
>1000 |
>1000 |
>1000 |
>1000 |
>1000 |
– |
>1000 |
>1000 |
| 1 ml |
5 |
526 |
821 |
>1000 |
>1000 |
>1000 |
– |
>1000 |
>1000 |
| 5 ml |
10 |
131 |
205 |
386 |
468 |
394 |
– |
616 |
1438 |
| 10 ml |
15 |
58 |
91 |
172 |
208 |
175 |
– |
273 |
639 |
| 50 ml |
25 |
21 |
33 |
62 |
75 |
63 |
569 |
98 |
230 |
| Force (lbs) |
|
16 |
25C |
47 |
57 |
48 |
433 |
75 |
200 |
A. Calculated pressure based on pump force at average speed
- Higher pressures may be achieved at minimum speed and lower pressures at maximum speed.
- Pump speed and force are inversely proportional.
- Most syringes are pressure rated and may not be able to tolerate pressure generated by the syringe pump.
Consult harvard Apparatus on your syringe manufactorer for syringe details and specifications.
B. To convert pressure from PSI to bars use the following equation: bar pressure = PSI x 0.0690
C. Actual force is higher: Use of pump with greater back pressure may result in premature wear of syringe pump halfnut.
|
|
| |
Minimum/Maximum Flow Rates By Pump and Syringe Size |
| |
Flow rates were calculated based on the pusher block travel rate for each pump (rate at which the syringe pump moves the syringe plunger) and the diameter of the syringe. |
|
| |
| Pump 11 Pico Plus Flow Rates |
Syringe
Size |
Nominal
Diameter,
mm* |
Minimum |
Maximum |
| 0.5 µl |
0.10 |
1.3 pl/min |
20.00 nl/min |
| 1 µl |
0.15 |
3.0 pl/min |
46.00 nl/min |
| 10 µl |
0.46 |
27.0 pl/min |
400.00 nl/min |
| 100 µl |
1.46 |
270.0 pl/min |
0.004 ml/min |
| 1000 µl |
4.61 |
2,690.0 pl/min |
0.043 ml/min |
| 10 ml |
14.57 |
27.0 nl/min |
0.439 ml/min |
| * Note: These figures have been rounded and therefore may not exactly match the Syringe Diameter Chart. |
|
|
PHD 22/2000 Hpsi Flow Rates*
(High Volume and Pressure) |
Syringe
Size |
Diameter,
mm |
Minimum |
Maximum |
| 20 ml |
19.13 |
1.5 µl/hr |
20 ml/min |
| 50 ml |
28.60 |
3.4 µl/hr |
46 ml/min |
| 100 ml |
34.90 |
5.0 µl/hr |
68 ml/min |
| 200 ml |
44.75 |
8.2 µl/hr |
112 ml/min |
| * Note: The rates listed are for single stainless steel syringe |
|
|
| |
| WPump 11 Plus Flow Rates |
| Syringe Size |
Diameter,
mm* |
Minimum |
Maximum |
| 0.5 µl |
0.10 |
0.0014 µl/hr |
0.0003 µl/min |
| 1 µl |
0.15 |
0.0031µl/hr |
0.0008 µl/min |
| 2 µl |
0.21 |
0.0061 µl/hr |
0.0016 µl/min |
| 5 µl |
0.33 |
0.0149 µl/hr |
0.0040 µl/min |
| 10 µl |
0.46 |
0.0289 µl/hr |
0.0078 µl/min |
| 25 µl |
0.73 |
0.0728 µl/hr |
0.0198 µl/min |
| 50 µl |
1.03 |
0.1448 µl/hr |
0.0395 µl/min |
| 100 µl |
1.46 |
0.2909 µl/hr |
0.0794 µl/min |
| 250 µl |
2.30 |
0.7218µl/hr |
0.1970 µl/min |
| 1000 µl |
4.61 |
1.451 µl/hr |
0.3959 µl/min |
| 1 ml |
5.00 |
2.900 µl/hr |
0.7918 µl/min |
| 2.5 ml |
7.28 to 9.6 |
7.232 µl/hr |
1.974 µl/min |
| 3 ml |
8.66 to 9.0 |
10.24 µl/hr |
2.794 µl/min |
| 5 ml |
10.3 to 13.0 |
14.50 µl/hr |
3.952 µl/min |
| 10 ml |
14.57 to 15.9 |
28.97 µl/hr |
7.909 µl/min |
| 20 ml |
19.13 to 20.05 |
54.86 µl/hr |
14.97 µl/min |
| 30 ml |
21.7 to 23.2 |
72.81 µl/hr |
19.88 µl/min |
| 50 ml |
26.7 to 32.6 |
97.27 µl/hr |
26.56 µl/min |
* Note: These figures have been rounded and therefore may not exactly match the
Syringe Diameter Chart. |
|
| |
| WPump 22 Plus Flow Rates |
| Syringe Size |
Diameter,
mm* |
Minimum |
Maximum |
| 0.5 µl |
0.10 |
0.002 µl/hr |
23.8 µl/hr |
| 1 µl |
0.15 |
0.003 µl/hr |
47.8 µl/hr |
| 2 µl |
0.21 |
0.006 µl/hr |
95.2 µl/hr |
| 5 µl |
0.33 |
0.015 µl/hr |
238.0 µl/hr |
| 10 µl |
0.46 |
0.029 µl/hr |
474.0 µl/hr |
| 25 µl |
0.73 |
0.073 µl/hr |
1193.0 µl/hr |
| 50 µl |
1.03 |
0.002 µl/min |
39.7 µl/min |
| 100 µl |
1.46 |
0.005 µl/min |
79.7 µl/min |
| 250 µl |
2.30 |
0.012 µl/min |
197.8 µl/min |
| 500 µl |
3.26 |
0.024 µl/min |
397.0 µl/min |
| 1000 µl |
4.61 |
0.048 µl/min |
795.0 µl/min |
| 1 ml |
5.00 |
0.049 µl/min |
805.0 µl/min |
| 2 ml |
9.00 |
0.011 ml/hr |
186.6 ml/hr |
| 2.5 ml |
7.28 to 9.6 |
0.10 ml/hr |
168.2 ml/hr |
| 3 ml |
8.66 to 9.0 |
0.011 ml/hr |
181.4 ml/hr |
| 5 ml |
10.3 to 13.0 |
0.019 ml/hr |
317.0 ml/hr |
| 10 ml |
14.57 to 15.9 |
0.028 ml/hr |
461.0 ml/hr |
| 20 ml |
19.13 to 20.05 |
0.050 ml/hr |
821.0 ml/hr |
| 30 ml |
21.7 to 23.2 |
0.074 ml/hr |
1208.8 ml/hr |
| 50 ml |
26.7 to 32.6 |
0.002 ml/min |
28.4 ml/min |
| 100 ml |
34.9 to 35.7 |
0.003 ml/min |
47.6 ml/min |
| 140 ml |
38.40 |
0.004 ml/min |
55.1 ml/min |
| * Note: These figures have been rounded and therefore may not exactly match the Syringe Diameter Chart. |
|
| |
| WPHD ULTRA™ Flow Rates |
| Syringe Size |
Diameter,
mm* |
Minimum |
Maximum |
| 0.5 µl |
0.103 |
1.500 pl/min |
1.589 µl/min |
| 1 µl |
0.146 |
3.000 pl/min |
3.180 µl/min |
| 2 µl |
0.206 |
6.000 pl/min |
6.358 µl/min |
| 5 µl |
0.343 |
16.620 pl/min |
17.630 µl/min |
| 10 µl |
0.485 |
33.300 pl/min |
35.249 µl/min |
| 25 µl |
0.729 |
75.240 pl/min |
79.640 µl/min |
| 50 µl |
1.03 |
150.300 pl/min |
158.984 µl/min |
| 100 µl |
1.457 |
300.720 pl/min |
318.126 µl/min |
| 250 µl |
2.304 |
752.100 pl/min |
795.51 µl/min |
| 500 µl |
3.256 |
1.502 nl/min |
1.588 ml/min |
| 1000 µl |
4.608 |
3.008 nl/min |
3.181 ml/min |
| 1 ml |
4.699 |
3.128 nl/min |
3.308 ml/min |
| 3 ml |
8.585 |
10.442 nl/min |
11.044 ml/min |
| 5 ml |
11.989 |
20.365 nl/min |
21.539 ml/min |
| 10 ml |
14.427 |
29.490 nl/min |
31.190 ml/min |
| 20 ml |
19.05 |
51.418 nl/min |
54.383 ml/min |
| 30 ml |
21.59 |
66.043 nl/min |
69.852 ml/min |
| 50 ml |
26.594 |
100.205 nl/min |
105.985 ml/min |
| 100 ml |
35.7 |
180.575 nl/min |
190.992 ml/min |
| 140 ml |
38.4 |
208.922 nl/min |
220.974 ml/min |
|
| |
| WPump 33 Flow Rates |
| Syringe Size |
Diameter,
mm* |
Minimum |
Maximum |
| 0.5 µl |
0.103 |
0.0004 µl/min |
0.79 µl/min |
| 1 µl |
0.1457 |
0.0008 µl/min |
1.58 µl/min |
| 2 µl |
0.206 |
0.0015 µl/min |
3.1 µl/min |
| 5 µl |
0.3257 |
0.0037 µl/min |
7.93 µl/min |
| 10 µl |
0.46 |
0.0073 µl/min |
950.05 µl/min |
| 25 µl |
0.73 |
0.0183 µl/min |
2386.10 µl/min |
| 50 µl |
1.03 |
0.0365 µl/min |
4772.50 µl/min |
| 100 µl |
1.46 |
0.0731 µl/min |
9570.50 µl/min |
| 250 µl |
2.30 |
0.1813 µl/min |
23.751 ml/hr |
| 500 µl |
3.26 |
– |
– |
| 1000 µl |
4.61 |
0.7281 µl/min |
95.418 ml/hr |
| 1 ml |
5.00 |
0.7828 µl/min |
102.580 ml/hr |
| 2 ml |
9.0 |
2.8493 µl/min |
373.430 ml/hr |
| 2.5 ml |
7.28 to 9.6 |
1.8156 µl/min |
237.950 ml/hr |
| 3 ml |
8.66 to 9.0 |
2.5691 µl/min |
336.710 ml/hr |
| 5 ml |
10.3 to 13.0 |
4.9824 µl/min |
653.010 ml/hr |
| 10 ml |
14.57 to 15.9 |
7.2024 µl/min |
15.733 ml/min |
| 20 ml |
19.13 to 20.05 |
12.536 µl/min |
27.384 ml/min |
| 30 ml |
21.7 to 23.2 |
16.131 µl/min |
35.236 ml/min |
| 50 ml |
26.7 to 32.6 |
24.4201 µl/min |
53.346 ml/min |
| 100 ml |
34.9 to 35.7 |
0.087 µl/min |
91.20 ml/min |
| 140 ml |
38.40 |
0.1053 µl/min |
110.41 ml/min |
| * Note: These figures have been rounded and therefore may not exactly match the Syringe Diameter Chart. |
|
| |
| WPHD 22/2000 and PHD 4400 Flow Rates |
| Syringe Size |
Diameter,
mm* |
Minimum |
Maximum |
| 0.5 µl |
0.10 |
0.0001 µl/hr |
95.330 µl/hr |
| 1 µl |
0.15 |
0.0002 µl/hr |
190.70 µl/hr |
| 2 µl |
0.21 |
0.0004 µl/hr |
381.30 µl/hr |
| 5 µl |
0.33 |
0.0010 µl/hr |
953.17 µl/hr |
| 10 µl |
0.46 |
0.0019 µl/hr |
1.901 ml/hr |
| 25 µl |
0.73 |
0.0046 µl/hr |
4.775 ml/hr |
| 50 µl |
1.03 |
0.0092 µl/hr |
9.551 ml/hr |
| 100 µl |
1.46 |
0.0183 µl/hr |
19.153 ml/hr |
| 250 µl |
2.30 |
0.0454 µl/hr |
47.532 ml/hr |
| 500 µl |
3.26 |
0.0911 µl/hr |
95.492 ml/hr |
| 1000 µlk |
4.61 |
0.0031 µl/min |
190.950 ml/hr |
| 1 ml |
5.00 |
0.0033 µl/min |
205.30 ml/hr |
| 2 ml |
9.0 |
0.0119 µl/min |
747.35 ml/hr |
| 2.5 ml |
7.28 to 9.6 |
0.0076 µl/min |
476.21 ml/hr |
| 3 ml |
8.66 to 9.0 |
0.0100 µl/min |
11.231 ml/min |
| 5 ml |
10.3 to 13.0 |
0.0208 µl/min |
21.781 ml/min |
| 10 ml |
14.57 to 15.9 |
0.0301 µl/min |
31.486 ml/min |
| 20 ml |
19.13 to 20.05 |
0.0523 µl/min |
54.804 ml/min |
| 30 ml |
21.7 to 23.2 |
0.0673 µl/min |
70.518 ml/min |
| 50 ml |
26.7 to 32.6 |
0.1019 µl/min |
106.76 ml/min |
| 100 ml |
34.9 to 35.7 |
0.1740 µl/min |
182.40 ml/min |
| 140 ml |
38.40 |
0.2106 µl/min |
220.82 ml/min |
| * Note: These figures have been rounded and therefore may not exactly match the Syringe Diameter Chart. |
|
| |
|
Common Syringe Data
| TOP | |
| Diameter & Surface Area |
| |
The following list is a guide to common syringes and their associated diameters and surface area. Syringe diameter, in mm, is listed below for each syringe. All Harvard Apparatus microprocessor syringe pumps require the user to input syringe diameter information. The pump uses this diameter data to set flow rates. The PHD 22/2000 series of syringe pumps also has this information built into the pump memory in a handy Syringe Look Up Table.† Surface area information was used to calculate PSI (pounds per square inch). Average pressures for any syringe pump and syringe combination can be calculated by dividing the average (nominal) syringe pump force by the syringe diameter (in square inches) to obtain PSI. Example, nominal pressure obtained using a 25 ml Hamilton GastightÆ Syringe on a PHD 22/2000 standard pressure syringe pump would be: 50 lbs / 0.644 in2 = 77.6 PSI (5.35 bars). |
|
| |
| Harvard Apparatus Stainless Steel |
| Volume |
Dia. (mm) |
Surface
Area (in2) |
| 2.5 ml |
4.851 |
0.028647 |
| 8 ml |
9.525 |
0.110447 |
| 20 ml |
19.13 |
0.445505 |
| 50 ml |
28.6 |
0.995760 |
| 100 ml |
34.9 |
1.482768 |
| Air-Tite HSW Norm-Ject |
| Volume |
Dia. (mm) |
Surface
Area (in2) |
| 1 ml |
4.69 |
0.026777 |
| 2.5 ml |
9.65 |
0.113364 |
| 5 ml |
12.45 |
0.188695 |
| 10 ml |
15.9 |
0.307763 |
| 20 ml |
20.05 |
0.489386 |
| 30 ml |
22.9 |
0.638401 |
| 50 ml |
29.2 |
1.037978 |
Becton Dickinson
‘Plasti-pak’ |
| Volume |
Dia. (mm) |
Surface
Area (in2) |
| 1 ml |
4.78 |
0.026895 |
| 3 ml |
8.58 |
0.097514 |
| 5 ml |
11.99 |
0.205735 |
| 10 ml |
14.43 |
0.303904 |
| 20 ml |
19.05 |
0.494279 |
| 30 ml |
21.59 |
0.649601 |
| 50 ml |
26.59 |
1.030881 |
| 60 ml |
26.59 |
1.030881 |
| Terumo Plastic |
| Volume |
Dia. (mm) |
Surface
Area (in2) |
| 1 ml |
4.7 |
0.026892 |
| 3 ml |
8.95 |
0.097514 |
| 5 ml |
13 |
0.205735 |
| 10 ml |
15.8 |
0.303904 |
| 20 ml |
20.15 |
0.494279 |
| 30 ml |
23.1 |
0.649601 |
| 60 ml |
29.1 |
1.030881 |
|
|
SGE Scientific
Glass Engineering |
| Volume |
Dia. (mm) |
Surface
Area (in2) |
| 5µl |
0.34 |
0.000143 |
| 10 µl |
0.49 |
0.000286 |
| 25 µl |
0.73 |
0.000645 |
| 50 µl |
1.03 |
0.001292 |
| 100 µl |
1.46 |
0.002584 |
| 250 µl |
2.30 |
0.006457 |
| 500 µl |
3.26 |
0.012914 |
| 1 ml |
4.61 |
0.025827 |
| 2.5 ml |
7.28 |
0.064590 |
| 5 ml |
10.31 |
0.129176 |
| 10 ml |
14.57 |
0.258323 |
| 25 ml |
23.00 |
0.643989 |
| 50 ml |
27.50 |
0.920636 |
| 100 ml |
35.00 |
1.491277 |
Hamilton Glass -
All Types |
| Volume |
Dia. (mm) |
Surface
Area (in2) |
| 0.5µl |
0.103 |
1.29151E-05 |
| 1 µl |
0.146 |
2.59495E-05 |
| 2 µl |
0.206 |
5.16603E-05 |
| 5 µl |
0.326 |
0.000129 |
| 10 µl |
0.485 |
0.000286 |
| 25 µl |
0.729 |
0.000647 |
| 50 µl |
1.03 |
0.001292 |
| 100 µl |
1.457 |
0.002584 |
| 250 µl |
2.304 |
0.006462 |
| 500 µl |
3.256 |
0.012906 |
| 1 ml |
4.608 |
0.025849 |
| 1.25 ml |
5.151 |
0.032300 |
| 2.5 ml |
7.285 |
0.064607 |
| 5 ml |
10.3 |
0.129151 |
| 10 ml |
14.57 |
0.258323 |
| 25 ml |
23.03 |
0.645838 |
| 50 ml |
32.57 |
1.291630 |
| 100 ml |
32.57 |
1.291630 |
|
|
Cadence Science, Inc.
Formly Popper &
MICRO-MATE Glass |
| Volume |
Dia. (mm) |
Surface
Area (in2) |
| .25 ml |
3.47 |
0.014658 |
| 0.5 ml |
3.62 |
0.015953 |
| 1 ml |
4.82 |
0.028282 |
| 2 ml |
8.91 |
0.096645 |
| 3 ml |
8.91 |
0.096645 |
| 5 ml |
11.71 |
0.166931 |
| 10 ml |
14.65 |
0.261275 |
| 20 ml |
19.56 |
0.465758 |
| 30 ml |
22.7 |
0.627298 |
| 50 ml |
28.02 |
0.955782 |
| 100 ml |
35.7 |
1.551525 |
| Becton Dickinson Glass All-Types |
| Volume |
Dia. (mm) |
Surface
Area (in2) |
| 0.5 ml |
4.64 |
0.026209 |
| 1 ml |
4.64 |
0.026209 |
| 2.5 ml |
8.66 |
0.091297 |
| 5 ml |
11.86 |
0.171235 |
| 10 ml |
14.34 |
0.250335 |
| 20 ml |
19.13 |
0.445505 |
| 30 ml |
22.7 |
0.627298 |
| 50 ml |
28.6 |
0.995760 |
| 100 ml |
34.9 |
1.482768 |
Sherwood-Monoject
Plastic |
| Volume |
Dia. (mm) |
Surface
Area (in2) |
| 1 ml |
4.65 |
0.026323 |
| 3 ml |
8.94 |
0.097297 |
| 6 ml |
12.7 |
0.196350 |
| 12 ml |
15.9 |
0.307763 |
| 20 ml |
20.4 |
0.506621 |
| 35 ml |
23.8 |
0.689567 |
| 60 ml |
26.6 |
0.861362 |
| 140 ml |
38.4 |
1.795085 |
|
|
| |
| How to Select the Correct Syringe for Your Application |
|
Syringe
Type/Size |
Swage
Lock |
Luer
Lock |
RN |
Threaded 1/4 • 28 |
Luer
Slip Fit |
Pressure Maximum p.s.i. |
Compatibility
with
Substance
in Syringe |
Accuracy 1% |
Accuracy 5% |
Materials |
| Stainless Steel Syringes |
| 2.5 ml |
• |
|
|
|
|
7,500 |
Maximum |
• |
|
316 / St. Steel |
| 8 ml |
• |
|
|
|
|
1,500 |
Maximum |
• |
|
316 / Perfluoroelastomer |
| 20 ml |
• |
• |
|
|
|
750 |
Maximum |
• |
|
316 / Viton or Perfluoroelastomer |
| 50 ml |
• |
• |
|
|
|
750 |
Maximum |
• |
|
316 / Viton or Perfluoroelastomer |
| 100 ml |
• |
• |
|
|
|
750 |
Maximum |
• |
|
316 / Viton or Perfluoroelastomer |
| 200 ml |
• |
• |
|
|
|
750 |
Maximum |
• |
|
316 / Viton or Perfluoroelastomer |
| Glass GasTight Syringes |
| 1 to 100 µl |
|
• |
• |
• |
• |
1,000 |
Maximum |
• |
|
Glass and Teflon |
| 250 to 500 µl |
|
• |
• |
• |
• |
500 |
Maximum |
• |
|
Glass and Teflon |
| 1 to 10 ml |
|
• |
• |
• |
|
100 |
Maximum |
• |
|
Glass and Teflon |
| 25 to 100 ml |
|
• |
• |
• |
|
100 |
Maximum |
• |
|
Glass and Teflon |
| Glass Multifit Syringes |
| 2 to 50 ml |
|
• |
|
|
|
100 |
Maximum |
• |
|
Glass Only |
| Plastic Syringes |
| 1 ml |
|
• |
|
|
• |
125 |
Minimum |
|
• |
Polypropylene and Natural Rubber |
| 5 ml |
|
• |
|
|
• |
125 |
Minimum |
|
• |
Polypropylene and Natural Rubber |
| 10 ml |
|
• |
|
|
• |
125 |
Minimum |
|
• |
Polypropylene and Natural Rubber |
| 20 ml |
|
• |
|
|
• |
125 |
Minimum |
|
• |
Polypropylene and Natural Rubber |
| 30 ml |
|
• |
|
|
• |
125 |
Minimum |
|
• |
Polypropylene and Natural Rubber |
| 50/60 ml |
|
• |
|
|
• |
125 |
Minimum |
|
• |
Polypropylene and Natural Rubber |
| 140 ml |
|
• |
|
|
• |
125 |
Minimum |
|
• |
Polypropylene and Natural Rubber |
|
| |
| WPressure Unit Cross Reference Chart |
| |
atm |
psi |
cm H2O |
mm Hg |
kPa |
inch H20 |
inch Hg |
mbar |
| 1 atm= |
1 |
14.696 |
1033.228 |
760 |
101.325 |
406.783 |
29.921 |
1013.25 |
| 1 psi= |
0.068 |
1 |
70.307 |
51.715 |
6.895 |
27.68 |
2.036 |
68.948 |
| 1 cm H2O |
0.001 |
0.0142 |
1 |
0.7356 |
0.0981 |
0.3937 |
0.0291 |
0.9807 |
| 1 mm Hg= |
0.0013 |
0.0193 |
1.36 |
1 |
0.133 |
0.5352 |
0.039 |
1.333 |
| 1 kPa= |
0.0099 |
0.145 |
10.197 |
7500.616 |
1 |
4.015 |
0.295 |
10 |
| 1 inch H2O= |
0.0025 |
0.036 |
2.54 |
1.868 |
0.2491 |
1 |
0.0736 |
2.491 |
| 1 inch Hg= |
0.03354 |
0.4912 |
34.532 |
25399 |
3.386 |
13.595 |
1 |
33.864 |
| 1 mbar= |
0.001 |
0.015 |
1.02 |
0.7501 |
0.1 |
0.4015 |
0.0295 |
1 |
|
| |
Conversion Table
for Force Units |
| mN |
mg-force |
mp |
| 0.1 |
10 |
10.2 |
| 0.2 |
20 |
20.39 |
| 0.3 |
30 |
30.59 |
| 0.4 |
40 |
40.79 |
| 0.5 |
50 |
50.99 |
| 0.6 |
60 |
61.18 |
| 0.7 |
70 |
71.38 |
| 0.8 |
80 |
81.58 |
| 0.9 |
90 |
91.77 |
| 1 |
100 |
101.97 |
| 2 |
200 |
203.94 |
| 3 |
300 |
305.91 |
| 4 |
400 |
407.89 |
| 5 |
500 |
509.86 |
| 6 |
600 |
611.83 |
| 7 |
700 |
713.8 |
| 8 |
800 |
815.77 |
| 9 |
900 |
917.74 |
1N= 1 Newton= 1 kg m/s2
1p= 1 Pond |
|
| |
| |
